# Basic Gerrit Walkthrough — For GitHub Users

version v3.4.4

Note

This document aims to provide a concise description of the core principles of code review in Gerrit for people that were previously using Pull Requests on Github or similar concepts. Nothing in this document is meant to state that one or the other might be better, but only aims to help new users understand Gerrit more readily. We use Github as the point of comparison since it seems to be the most popular service.

To illustrate the differences in a meaningful order, we will walk you through the process of cloning a repo, making a change, asking for code review, iterating on the code and finally having it submitted to the code base. This document also does not aim to describe all features of Gerrit. Please refer to the Basic Gerrit Walkthrough or the rest of the documentation for a more complete overview and additional pointers.

## tl;dr

Here’s how getting code reviewed and submitted with Gerrit is different from doing the same with GitHub:

- You need the add a commit-msg hook script when you clone a repo for the first time using a snippet you can find e.g. here;

- Your review will be on a single commit instead of a branch. You use `git commit --amend` to modify a code change.

- Instead of using the Web UI to create a pull request, you use `git push origin HEAD:refs/for/master` to upload new local commits that are ready for review to Gerrit. You will find the URL to the review in the output of the push command.

- As a reviewer, Gerrit offers a number of so-called labels to vote on, one of which is Code-Review. You indicate a negative, neutral or positive review using a -1, 0 or +1 vote.

- To be able to submit (== merge) a change, you usually need a +2 Code-Review vote and possibly additional positive votes, depending on the configuration of the project you are contributing to.

## 1. Cloning a Repository

Note | Both GitHub and Gerrit provide simple Git repository hosting (of course both can do much more). In the simplest setup, you could just use both as such without any code review to push code. We will assume that this is not what you want to do and focus on the use case where your change requires a review.

The first step to working with the code is to clone the repo. For both, Gerrit and GitHub, you can simply use the `git clone` command.

For Gerrit, there is an additional step before you can start making changes. For reasons we explain below, you’ll have to add a commit-msg hook script. This will append the Gerrit Change-Id to every commit message such that Gerrit can track commits through the review process. To make this process a little easier in Gerrit, you can find a command snippet for cloning and adding the commit-msg hook on the repository page (e.g. here).

## 2. Making a Change

Branches

Now that you have the code in the git repo on your machine, you can start making changes. With GitHub, you would usually create a new branch and then start committing to it. This branch would then contain all the changes you share with your code reviewers in the next step. Your local branch will usually also be pushed to the remote server. This can be handy to back up your work or hand-off work to another device or developer.

With Gerrit, you can also create a new local branch to develop in. While not required, it can be considered a best practice to sandbox this change from other changes you might be making. In contrast to the GitHub model, your local branch will not have to be pushed to the remote in Gerrit, at least not for the purposes of code review.

Commits In Gerrit, a single commit is the unit of code that will be reviewed. With GitHub, you can commit to your branch as much as you like and the sum of all your commits on that branch will get reviewed. As a single commit gets reviewed in Gerrit, you need to `git commit --amend` when you iterate on the same change as opposed to only using `git commit` with GitHub (see Section 5 for more). You can, however, also add another commit on top of your existing commit in Gerrit, which will create a second change (and thus another review) that is based on your first change. Gerrit will show the relationship between these two changes as a so-called relation chain. This also means that your second change can only be submitted after the first was successfully merged. In many basic use cases, this situation is however not what you want.

With GitHub, you may be pushing your branch to the remote for non-code-review purposes, as mentioned above. You usually do not do this with Gerrit, as Gerrit-managed repos often only have one or a few branches on the server that can only be merged into via code review.

## 3. Asking for Code Review

After you are satisfied with the changes you made, you’ll usually want/need to get your code reviewed. In GitHub, you would push your branch to the remote, go to the Web UI and create a pull request. In Gerrit, you need to push your commit (or the series of changes/commits) to the remote first, since you usually develop in a local branch only. While you can often just use git push with GitHub, you need to do a slightly different thing for Gerrit. Gerrit uses a “magic” branch that tells the server that this code is supposed to be reviewed. To send the changes you made on your local branch to review and being eventually merged into the remote’s master branch, you use `git push origin HEAD:refs/for/master`. There are also a number of Gerrit change options you can trigger from the CLI this way.

After successfully pushing your change to Gerrit, you will already find the URL for viewing your change in Gerrit’s Web UI in the response you get from the server. The description of the Gerrit code review that was just created is equal to the commit message of that one commit the change is based on. In GitHub, you might have described your change in the message you can create when creating the pull request in the GitHub Web UI.

Next, you would go and visit your Gerrit change in the Web UI to get your change ready for review (choose reviewers, cc people, check for failing CI builds or tests, etc.), very similar to what you do on Github. Reviewers will be notified via email once you add them. By default, anyone can add reviewers to a Gerrit change. In GitHub, this ability is reserved for certain users, so you may have relied on others adding reviewers for you before. This can be the case in a Gerrit project, but it is also often expected that the change owner (usually the creator of the change) adds reviewers to get the review process started.

## 4. Reviewing a Change

Switching perspectives briefly, reviewing a change is fairly similar between GitHub and Gerrit. You, as a reviewer, will be notified of a change you have been added to via email or see an “incoming” change on your Gerrit dashboard. The dashboard is the central overview of changes going on within a Gerrit instance. By default, the dashboard shows changes that you are involved in, in any way. You can also see all changes on a Gerrit server by using the top menu (“Changes” → “Open”). This view is more similar to what you see on Github, when you navigate to the Pull Requests tab of the project/repository you are working on. Note, however, that a single Gerrit instance can host multiple projects (also referred to as repositories; a list can be found, for example, here). Your dashboard and other lists of changes will show all changes across the projects/repositories by default.

Back to your dashboard, you can click on the change you want to review. You can also access this from the email you received. You will see the same view that you saw as an author. In the middle of the change page, you can find the list of files that have been modified, just like what you find in the “Files changed” tab of GitHub. Also similarly, you can leave comments by highlighting a piece of the code and pressing ‘c’. All comments you make are in a draft state and thus only visible to you, like on GitHub. When you are done with your review, you need to click the “Reply” button at the top of the change page to send your assessment to the change owner alongside a “change message” summarizing your findings and/or adding higher level comments. Replying to a change makes your draft comments and the change message visible on the change page for everyone that has view access to this change. This again is fairly similar to GitHub, except for Gerrit’s voting labels.

As you can see in the screenshot of the reply dialogue, the voting labels are in the bottom part of the dialogue. They can be fairly simple as in this case, but there can also be a larger number of labels you might be able to vote on. Labels can be used to distinguish different aspects of a review (e.g. whether or not the licensing of included libraries is okay), outcome of CI systems (e.g. whether or not a format checker passed, a build completed successfully, etc.) or as a flag that is read by bots to do something with a change. An example of a more complex label setup can be seen in this screenshot from the Android Gerrit instance.

In the simplest case shown above, voting -1 on the Code-Review label equals requesting changes on a GitHub pull request, 0 equals just having comments and +1 means that you think this change looks good. Usually, Gerrit changes require a +2 vote on the Code-Review label to be submitted (merged in GitHub terms, see Section 6 below). Being able to vote +2 on Code-Review is often restricted to maintainers of a given project, so they can have a final say on a change. These practices can however vary between projects, as labels and voting permissions are configurable.

## 5. Iterating on the Change

After your reviewers got back to you as a change owner, you realize that you need to make a few updates to the code in your change. As mentioned in Section 2 (Making a Change), you’ll have to amend the commit that this review was based on. To do that, you might have to checkout the respective commit first if it is not at the tip of your local branch, for example if you stacked multiple changes on top of each other. Another common use case is to not have a local branch but to work in the so-called detached HEAD mode. In that case you can use the “Download” button on the files tab to copy a command that fetches and checks out the commit underlying your change. Make sure to select the latest patchset, though!

After checking out the commit, you then make the changes as usual. When you think you are done, you can commit with the `--amend` flag to change the commit you currently have checked out.

When you `git commit --amend` to iterate on your change, you might be worried that you are changing your previous commit and may thus lose that state of your work. However, here the Change-Id appended to your commit message comes into play. While the SHA-1 hash of your change (the commit ID used by Git) might change, the Change-Id stays the same (in fact it is the SHA-1 hash of the very first version of that commit). When this amended commit is uploaded to the Gerrit server, Gerrit knows that this commit is really an iteration of that previous commit (and the associated review) and will preserve both, the old and the new state. All previous states of your commit will be visible in the Gerrit UI as so-called patchsets (and from the Git repo).

After iterating as much as needed, your reviewers will finally be satisfied. With GitHub, you would have a string of additional commits in the branch you used for opening the pull request. In Gerrit, you still only have that one commit in your local branch. All the iterations are available as patchsets in the Web UI as well as from the special branch mentioned above.

## 6. Submitting a Change

Finally, it is time to submit your change. As mentioned above, the precondition for this in Gerrit is usually at least a +2 vote on the Code-Review label. With GitHub, an authorized person must have given an “Approve” vote. Once this precondition has been met, anyone with submit permission can submit the change in Gerrit. To do that, you click the “Submit” button in the Gerrit Web UI just as you would click the “Merge Pull Request” button in GitHub. Both, Gerrit and GitHub, allow different merge strategies, that can be enabled by project administrators. In Gerrit, a merge strategy is configured for each project and cannot be changed at submit time while this may be possible with GitHub, depending on project configuration.

A merge can fail due to conflicts with competing edits on the target branch. With GitHub, you may be able to resolve some simple conflicts directly from the Web UI. In Gerrit, you can attempt to rebase a change from the Web UI. If there are no conflicts, a new patchset will automatically appear. Otherwise, similar to GitHub, you need to resolve conflicts on the command line with your local clone of the repository. While you resolve conflicts that arise from a `git merge` for GitHub, you will need to use `git rebase` with your change on Gerrit.

After resolving locally, with GitHub, you end up with another commit on your pull request branch and push it to the server, which should then allow you to finish merging the change. With Gerrit, resolving the conflict through rebasing your commit/change results in another amended version of that same commit and you upload it to Gerrit, resulting in a new patchset just like your previous iterations addressing reviewer comments. This new patchset will usually require another round of reviewer votes, as Gerrit will not copy votes from a previous patchset by default.

Part of Gerrit Code Review