


     MAP(7)                                                     MAP(7)



     NAME
          map - draw maps on various projections

     SYNOPSIS
          map _p_r_o_j_e_c_t_i_o_n [ _p_a_r_a_m ... ] [ _o_p_t_i_o_n ... ]

     DESCRIPTION
          _M_a_p prepares on the standard output a map suitable for dis-
          play by any plotting filter described in _p_l_o_t(1).  A menu of
          projections is produced in response to an unknown
          _p_r_o_j_e_c_t_i_o_n.  For the meanings of _p_a_r_a_m_s pertinent to partic-
          ular projections see _p_r_o_j(3).

          The default data for _m_a_p are world shorelines.  Option -f
          accesses the higher-resolution World Data Bank II.

          -f [ _f_e_a_t_u_r_e ... ]
               Features are ranked 1 (default) to 4 from major to
               minor.  Higher-numbered ranks include all lower-
               numbered ones.  Features are

               shore[1-4]    seacoasts, lakes, and islands; in the
                             absence of -m, option -f automatically
                             includes shore1
               ilake[1-2]    intermittent lakes
               river[1-4]    rivers
               iriver[1-3]   intermittent rivers
               canal[1-3]    3=irrigation canals
               glacier
               iceshelf[12]
               reef
               saltpan[12]
               country[1-3]  2=disputed boundaries, 3=indefinite
                             boundaries
               state         states and provinces (US and Canada only)

          In other options coordinates are in degrees, with north lat-
          itude and west longitude counted as positive.

          -l _S _N _E _W
               Set the southern and northern latitude and the eastern
               and western longitude limits.  Missing arguments are
               filled out from the list -90, 90, -180, 180.

          -k _S _N _E _W
               Set the scale as if for a map with limits -l _S _N _E _W
               and no -w option.

          -o _l_a_t _l_o_n _r_o_t
               Orient the map in a nonstandard position.  Imagine a
               transparent gridded sphere around the globe.  Turn the
               overlay about the North Pole so that the Prime Meridian



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     MAP(7)                                                     MAP(7)



               (longitude 0) of the overlay coincides with meridian
               _l_o_n on the globe.  Then tilt the North Pole of the
               overlay along its Prime Meridian to latitude _l_a_t on the
               globe.  Finally again turn the overlay about its `North
               Pole' so that its Prime Meridian coincides with the
               previous position of meridian _r_o_t.  Project the map in
               the standard form appropriate to the overlay, but pre-
               senting information from the underlying globe.  Missing
               arguments are filled out from the list 90, 0, 0.  In
               the absence of -o, the orientation is 90, 0, _m, where _m
               is the middle of the longitude range.

          -w _S _N _E _W
               Window the map by the specified latitudes and longi-
               tudes in the tilted, rotated coordinate system.  Miss-
               ing arguments are filled out from the list -90, 90,
               -180, 180.  (It is wise to give an encompassing -l
               option with -w.  Otherwise for small windows computing
               time varies inversely with area!)

          -d _n For speed, plot only every _nth point.

          -r   Reverse left and right (good for star charts and
               inside-out views).
          -s1
          -s2  Superpose.  Outputs for a -s1 map (no closing) and a
               -s2 map (no opening) may be concatenated.

          -g _d_l_a_t _d_l_o_n _r_e_s
               Grid spacings are _d_l_a_t, _d_l_o_n. Zero spacing means no
               grid.  Missing _d_l_a_t is taken to be zero.  Missing _d_l_o_n
               is taken the same as _d_l_a_t.  Grid lines are drawn to a
               resolution of _r_e_s (28o9 or less by default).  In the
               absence of -g, grid spacing is 108o9.

          -p _l_a_t _l_o_n _e_x_t_e_n_t
               Position the point _l_a_t, _l_o_n at the center of a square
               plotting area.  Scale the map so that a side of the
               square is _e_x_t_e_n_t times the size of one degree of lati-
               tude at the center.  By default maps are scaled and
               positioned to fit within the plotting area.  An _e_x_t_e_n_t
               overrides option -k.

          -c _x _y _r_o_t
               After all other positioning and scaling operations,
               rotate the image _r_o_t degrees counterclockwise about the
               center and move the center to position _x, _y, of the
               plotting area, whose nominal extent is -1_<x_<1, -1_<y_<1.
               The map is clipped to this area.  Missing arguments are
               taken to be 0.

          -m [ _f_i_l_e ... ]



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     MAP(7)                                                     MAP(7)



               Use map data from named files.  If no files are named,
               omit map data.  Files that cannot be found directly are
               looked up a standard directory, which contains, in
               addition to the data for -f,

               world     World Data Bank I from CIA (default)
               states    US map from Census Bureau
               counties  US map from Census Bureau

               The environment variables MAP and MAPDIR change the
               default map and default directory.

          -b [ _l_a_t_1 _l_o_n_1 _l_a_t_2 _l_o_n_2 ... ]
               Suppress the drawing of the normal boundary (defined by
               options -l and -w).  Coordinates, if present, define
               the vertices of a polygon to which the map is clipped.
               If only two vertices are given, they are taken to be
               the diagonal of a rectangle.  To draw the polygon, give
               its vertices as a -u track.

          -t _f_i_l_e ...
               The arguments name ASCII files that contain lists of
               points, given as latitude-longitude pairs in degrees.
               If the first file is named `-', the standard input is
               taken instead.  The points of each list are plotted as
               connected `tracks'.

               Points in a track file may be followed by label
               strings.  A label breaks the track.  A label may be
               prefixed by ", `:', or `!'  and is terminated by a new-
               line.  An unprefixed string or a string prefixed with "
               is displayed at the designated point.  The first word
               of a `:' or `!'  string names a special symbol (see
               option -y).  An optional numerical second word is a
               scale factor for the size of the symbol, 1 by default.
               A `:' symbol is aligned with its top to the north; a
               `!'  symbol is aligned vertically on the page.

          -u _f_i_l_e ...
               Same as -t, except the tracks are unbroken lines.  (-t
               tracks are dot-dash lines.)

          -y _f_i_l_e
               The _f_i_l_e contains _p_l_o_t(5)-style data for `:' or `!'
               labels in -t or -u files.  Each symbol is defined by a
               comment :_n_a_m_e then a sequence of `m' and `v' commands.
               Coordinates (0,0) fall on the plotting point.  Default
               scaling is as if the nominal plotting range were `ra -1
               -1 1 1'; `ra' commands in _f_i_l_e change the scaling.

     EXAMPLES
          map perspective 1.025 -o 40.75 74



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     MAP(7)                                                     MAP(7)



               A view looking down on New York from 100 miles (0.025
               of the 4000-mile earth radius).  The job can be done
               faster by limiting the map so as not to `plot' the
               invisible part of the world: `map perspective 1.025 -o
               40.75 74 -l 20 60 30 100'.  A circular border can be
               forced by adding option `-w 77.33'.  (Latitude 77.338o9
               falls just inside a polar cap of opening angle arc-
               cos(1/1.025) = 12.68048o9.)

          map mercator -o 49.25 -106 180
               A map whose `equator' is a great circle pasing east-
               west through New York.  The pole of the map is placed
               908o9 away (40.75+49.25=90) on the other side of the
               earth.  A 1808o9 twist around the pole of the map
               arranges that the Prime Meridian of the map runs from
               the pole of the map over the North Pole to New York
               instead of down the back side of the earth.  The same
               effect can be had from map mercator -o 130.75 74

          map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -m states
               A customary curved-latitude map of the United States.

          map albers 28 45 -l 20 50 60 130 -y yfile -t tfile
               An example of tracks, labels, and symbols.  Arrows at
               New York and Miami are 8% and 12% as long as the map is
               wide.  The contents of `yfile' and `tfile' are
               ra -50 -50 50 50              25.77 80.20 :arrow 12
               :arrow                        25.77  80.20 Miami
               m -1 0                        25.77  80.20
               v 0 0                         35.00  74.02
               v -.6 .3                      40.67  74.02 !arrow 8
               m -.6 -.3                     40.67  74.02 " New York
               v 0 0                         34.05 118.25 Los Angeles

          map harrison 2 30 -l -90 90 120 240 -o 90 0 0
               A fan view covering 608o9 on either
               side of the Date Line, as seen from one earth radius
               above the North Pole gazing at the
               earth's limb, which is 308o9 off vertical.
               Option
               -o
               overrides the default
               -o 90 0 180,
               which would rotate
               the scene to behind the observer.

     FILES
          All files in directory $MAPDIR

          [1-4]??   World Data Bank II for option -f
          world,states,counties
                    default and other maps for option -m



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     MAP(7)                                                     MAP(7)



          *.x       map indexes
          map       the program proper

     SEE ALSO
          _m_a_p(5), _p_r_o_j(3), _p_l_o_t(1)

     DIAGNOSTICS
          `Map seems to be empty'-a coarse survey found zero extent
          within the -l and -w bounds; for maps of limited extent the
          grid resolution, _r_e_s, or the limits may have to be refined.

     BUGS
          The syntax of range specifications in -y files differs from
          that in options.
          Windows (option -w) cannot cross the Date Line.
          No borders appear along edges arising from visibility lim-
          its.
          Segments that cross a border are dropped, not clipped.
          Certain very long line segments are dropped on the assump-
          tion that they were intended to go the other way around the
          world.
          Automatic scaling may miss the extreme points of peculiarly
          shaped maps; use option -p to recover.
          Although _m_a_p draws grid lines dotted and -t tracks dot-
          dashed, many plotting filters cannot cope and make them
          solid.





























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     PROJ(3X)                    (bowell)                     PROJ(3X)



     NAME
          orient, normalize - map projections

     SYNOPSIS
          orient(lat, lon, rot)
          double lat, lon, rot;

          normalize(p)
          struct place *p;

     DESCRIPTION
          Users of _m_a_p(7) may skip to the description of `Projection
          generators' below.

          The functions _o_r_i_e_n_t and _n_o_r_m_a_l_i_z_e plus a collection of map
          projection generators are loaded by option -lmap of _l_d(1).
          Most of them calculate maps for a spherical earth.  Each map
          projection is available in one standard form, into which
          data must be normalized for transverse or nonpolar projec-
          tions.

          Each standard projection is displayed with the Prime Merid-
          ian (longitude 0) being a straight vertical line, along
          which North is up.  The orientation of nonstandard projec-
          tions is specified by _o_r_i_e_n_t. Imagine a transparent gridded
          sphere around the globe.  First turn the overlay about the
          North Pole so that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0) of the
          overlay coincides with meridian _l_o_n on the globe.  Then tilt
          the North Pole of the overlay along its Prime Meridian to
          latitude _l_a_t on the globe.  Finally again turn the overlay
          about its `North Pole' so that its Prime Meridian coincides
          with the previous position of (the overlay's) meridian _r_o_t.
          Project the desired map in the standard form appropriate to
          the overlay, but presenting information from the underlying
          globe.  It is not useful to use _o_r_i_e_n_t without using
          _n_o_r_m_a_l_i_z_e.

          _N_o_r_m_a_l_i_z_e converts latitude-longitude coordinates on the
          globe to coordinates on the overlaid grid.  The coordinates
          and their sines and cosines are input to _n_o_r_m_a_l_i_z_e in a
          place structure.  Transformed coordinates and their sines
          and cosines are returned in the same structure.

                  struct place {
                          double radianlat, sinlat, coslat;
                          double radianlon, sinlon, coslon;
                  };

          The projection generators return a pointer to a function
          that converts normalized coordinates to _x-_y coordinates for
          the desired map, or 0 if the required projection is not
          available.  The returned function is exemplified by _p_r_o_j in



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     PROJ(3X)                    (bowell)                     PROJ(3X)



          this example:

                  struct place pt;
                  int (*proj)() = mercator();
                  double x, y;

                  orient(45.0, 30.0, 180.0);      /* set coordinate rotation */

                  . . .                           /* fill in the pt structure */
                  normalize(&pt);                 /* rotate coordinates */
                  if((*proj)(&pt, &x, &y) > 0)    /* project onto x,y plane */
                          plot(x, y);

          The projection function (*proj)() returns 1 for a good
          point, 0 for a point on a wrong sheet (e.g. the back of the
          world in a perspective projection), and -1 for a point that
          is deemed unplottable (e.g. points near the poles on a Mer-
          cator projection).

          Scaling may be determined from the _x-_y coordinates of
          selected points.  Latitudes and longitudes are measured in
          degrees for ease of specification for _o_r_i_e_n_t and the projec-
          tion generators but in radians for ease of calculation for
          _n_o_r_m_a_l_i_z_e and _p_r_o_j. In either case latitude is measured pos-
          itive north of the equator, and longitude positive west of
          Greenwich.  Radian longitude should be limited to the range
          -_p_i <= _l_o_n < _p_i.

        Projection generators
          Equatorial projections centered on the Prime Meridian (lon-
          gitude 0).  Parallels are straight horizontal lines.
               mercator() equally spaced straight meridians, confor-
               mal, straight compass courses
               sinusoidal() equally spaced parallels, equal-area, same
               as _b_o_n_n_e(_0)
               cylequalarea(lat0) equally spaced straight meridians,
               equal-area, true scale on _l_a_t_0
               cylindrical() central projection on tangent cylinder
               rectangular(lat0) equally spaced parallels, equally
               spaced straight meridians, true scale on _l_a_t_0
               gall(lat0) parallels spaced stereographically on prime
               meridian, equally spaced straight meridians, true scale
               on _l_a_t_0
               mollweide() (homalographic) equal-area, hemisphere is a
               circle

          Azimuthal projections centered on the North Pole.  Parallels
          are concentric circles.  Meridians are equally spaced radial
          lines.
               azequidistant() equally spaced parallels, true dis-
               tances from pole
               azequalarea() equal-area



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     PROJ(3X)                    (bowell)                     PROJ(3X)



               gnomonic() central projection on tangent plane,
               straight great circles
               perspective(dist) viewed along earth's axis _d_i_s_t earth
               radii from center of earth
               orthographic() viewed from infinity
               stereographic() conformal, projected from opposite pole
               laue() _r_a_d_i_u_s = tan(2x_c_o_l_a_t_i_t_u_d_e), used in xray crys-
               tallography
               fisheye(n) stereographic seen from just inside medium
               with refractive index n
               newyorker(r) _r_a_d_i_u_s = log(_c_o_l_a_t_i_t_u_d_e/_r): extreme `fish-
               eye' view from pedestal of radius _r degrees

          Polar conic projections symmetric about the Prime Meridian.
          Parallels are segments of concentric circles.  Except in the
          Bonne projection, meridians are equally spaced radial lines
          orthogonal to the parallels.
               conic(lat0) central projection on cone tangent at _l_a_t_0
               simpleconic(lat0,lat1) equally spaced parallels, true
               scale on _l_a_t_0 and _l_a_t_1
               lambert(lat0,lat1) conformal, true scale on _l_a_t_0 and
               _l_a_t_1
               albers(lat0,lat1) equal-area, true scale on _l_a_t_0 and
               _l_a_t_1
               bonne(lat0) equally spaced parallels, equal-area, par-
               allel _l_a_t_0 developed from tangent cone

          Projections with bilateral symmetry about the Prime Meridian
          and the equator.
               polyconic() parallels developed from tangent cones,
               equally spaced along Prime Meridian
               aitoff() equal-area projection of globe onto 2-to-1
               ellipse, based on _a_z_e_q_u_a_l_a_r_e_a
               lagrange() conformal, maps whole sphere into a circle
               bicentric(lon0) points plotted at true azimuth from two
               centers on the equator at longitudes +__l_o_n_0, great cir-
               cles are straight lines (a stretched gnomonic projec-
               tion)
               elliptic(lon0) points are plotted at true distance from
               two centers on the equator at longitudes +__l_o_n_0
               globular() hemisphere is circle, circular arc meridians
               equally spaced on equator, circular arc parallels
               equally spaced on 0- and 90-degree meridians
               vandergrinten() sphere is circle, meridians as in
               _g_l_o_b_u_l_a_r, circular arc parallels resemble _m_e_r_c_a_t_o_r

          Doubly periodic conformal projections.
               guyou() W and E hemispheres are square
               square() world is square with Poles at diagonally oppo-
               site corners
               tetra() map on tetrahedron with edge tangent to Prime
               Meridian at S Pole, unfolded into equilateral triangle



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     PROJ(3X)                    (bowell)                     PROJ(3X)



               hex() world is hexagon centered on N Pole, N and S
               hemispheres are equilateral triangles

          Miscellaneous projections.
               harrison(dist,angle) oblique perspective from above the
               North Pole, _d_i_s_t earth radii from center of earth,
               looking along the Date Line _a_n_g_l_e degrees off vertical
               trapezoidal(lat0,lat1) equally spaced parallels,
               straight meridians equally spaced along parallels, true
               scale at _l_a_t_0 and _l_a_t_1 on Prime Meridian

          Retroazimuthal projections.  At every point the angle
          between vertical and a straight line to `Mecca', latitude
          _l_a_t_0 on the prime meridian, is the true bearing of Mecca.
               mecca(lat0) equally spaced vertical meridians
               homing(lat0) distances to `Mecca' are true

          Maps based on the spheroid.  Of geodetic quality, these pro-
          jections do not make sense for tilted orientations.  For
          descriptions, see corresponding maps above.
               sp_mercator()
               sp_albers(lat0,lat1)

     SEE ALSO
          _m_a_p(7), _m_a_p(5), _p_l_o_t(3)

     BUGS
          Only one projection and one orientation can be active at a
          time.
          The west-longitude-positive convention betrays Yankee chau-
          vinism.
























     Page 9                    Tenth Edition          (printed 2/9/93)






     MAP(5)                                                     MAP(5)



     NAME
          map - digitized map formats

     DESCRIPTION
          Files used by _m_a_p(7) are a sequence of structures of the
          form:

          struct {
               signed char patchlatitude;
               signed char patchlongitude;
               short n;
               union {
                    struct {
                         short latitude;
                         short longitude;
                    } point[n];
                    struct {
                         short latitude;
                         short longitude;
                         struct {
                              signed char latdiff;
                              signed char londiff;
                         } point[-n];
                    } highres;
               } segment;
          };

          Fields `patchlatitude' and `patchlongitude' tell to what
          10-degree by 10-degree patch of the earth's surface a seg-
          ment belongs.  Their values range from -9 to 8 and from -18
          to 17, respectively, and indicate the coordinates of the
          southeast corner of the patch in units of 10 degrees.

          Each segment of |n| points is connected; consecutive seg-
          ments are not necessarily related.  Latitude and longitude
          are measured in units of 0.0001 radian.  If n is negative,
          then differences to the first and succeeding points are mea-
          sured in units of 0.00001 radian.  Latitude is counted posi-
          tive to the north and longitude positive to the west.

          The patches are ordered lexicographically by `patchlatitude'
          then `patchlongitude'.  A printable index to the first seg-
          ment of each patch in a file named _d_a_t_a is kept in an asso-
          ciated file named _d_a_t_a.x.  Each line of an index file con-
          tains `patchlatitude,' `patchlongitude' and the byte posi-
          tion of the patch in the map file.  Both the map file and
          the index file are ordered by patch latitude and longitude.

          Shorts are stored in little-endian order, low byte first,
          regardless of computer architecture.  To assure portability,
          _m_a_p accesses them bytewise.




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     MAP(5)                                                     MAP(5)



     SEE ALSO
          _m_a_p(7), _p_r_o_j(3)





















































     Page 11                   Tenth Edition          (printed 2/9/93)






     PLOT(5)                                                   PLOT(5)



     NAME
          plot - graphics interface

     DESCRIPTION
          Files of this format are produced by routines described in
          _p_l_o_t(3), and are interpreted for various devices by commands
          described in _p_l_o_t(1).  A graphics file is an ASCII stream of
          instruction lines.  Arguments are delimited by spaces, tabs,
          or commas.  Numbers may be floating point.  Punctuation
          marks (except `:') , spaces, and tabs at the beginning of
          lines are ignored.  Comments run from `:' to newline.  Extra
          letters appended to a valid instruction are ignored.  Thus
          `...line', `line', `li' all mean the same thing.  Arguments
          are interpreted as follows:

          1.   If an instruction requires no arguments, the rest of
               the line is ignored.

          2.   If it requires a string argument, then all the line
               after the first field separator is passed as argument.
               Quote marks may be used to preserve leading blanks.
               Strings may include newlines represented as `\n'.

          3.   Between numeric arguments alphabetic characters and
               punctuation marks are ignored.  Thus line from 5 6 to 7
               8 draws a line from (5, 6) to (7, 8).

          4.   Instructions with numeric arguments remain in effect
               until a new instruction is read.  Such commands may
               spill over many lines. Thus the following sequence will
               draw a polygon with vertices (4.5, 6.77), (5.8, 5.6),
               (7.8, 4.55), and (10.0, 3.6).

               move 4.5 6.77
               vec 5.8, 5.6 7.8
               4.55 10.0, 3.6 4.5, 6.77

          The instructions are executed in order.  The last designated
          point in a line, move, rmove, vec, rvec, arc, or point com-
          mand becomes the `current point' (_X,_Y) for the next command.
          Each of the following descriptions corresponds to a routine
          in _p_l_o_t(3).

        Open & Close
          o _s_t_r_i_n_g  Open plotting device.  For _t_r_o_f_f, _s_t_r_i_n_g specifies
                    the size of the plot (default is `6i.')
          cl        Close plotting device.

        Basic Plotting Commands
          e         Start another frame of output or erase the screen
                    on CRT terminals without scroll.
          m _x _y     (move) Current point becomes _x _y.



     Page 12                   Tenth Edition          (printed 2/9/93)






     PLOT(5)                                                   PLOT(5)



          rm _d_x _d_y  Current point becomes _X+_d_x _Y+_d_y.
          poi _x _y   Plot the point _x _y and make it the current point.
          v _x _y     Draw a vector from the current point to _x _y.
          rv _d_x _d_y  Draw vector from current point to X+dx Y+dy
          li _x_1 _y_1 _x_2 _y_2
                    Draw a line from _x_1 _y_1 to _x_2 _y_2. Make the current
                    point _x_2 _y_2.
          t _s_t_r_i_n_g  Place the _s_t_r_i_n_g so that its first character is
                    centered on the current point (default).  If
                    _s_t_r_i_n_g begins with `\C' (`\R'), it is centered
                    (right-adjusted) on the current point.  A back-
                    slash at the beginning of the string may be
                    escaped with another backslash.
          a _x_1 _y_1 _x_2 _y_2 _x_c _y_c _r
                    Draw a circular arc from _x_1 _y_1 to _x_2 _y_2 with cen-
                    ter _x_c _y_c and radius _r. If the radius is positive,
                    the arc is drawn counterclockwise; negative,
                    clockwise.  The starting point is exact but the
                    ending point is approximate.
          ci _x_c _y_c _r
                    Draw a circle centered at _x_c _y_c with radius _r. If
                    the range and frame parameters do not specify a
                    square, the `circle' will be elliptical.
          di _x_c _y_c _r
                    Draw a disc centered at _x_c _y_c with radius _r using
                    the filling color (see cfill below).  Only works
                    on the 5620; on other devices is the same as
                    circle.
          bo _x_1 _y_1 _x_2 _y_2
                    Draw a box with lower left corner at _x_1 _y_1 and
                    upper right corner at _x_2 _y_2.
          sb _x_1 _y_1 _x_2 _y_2
                    Draw a solid box with lower left corner at _x_1 _y_1
                    and upper right corner at _x_2 _y_2 using the filling
                    color (see cfill below).
          par _x_1 _y_1 _x_2 _y_2 _x_g _y_g
                    Draw a parabola from _x_1 _y_1 to _x_2 _y_2 `guided' by _x_g
                    _y_g. The parabola passes through the midpoint of
                    the line joining _x_g _y_g with the midpoint of the
                    line joining _x_1 _y_1 and _x_2 _y_2 and is tangent to the
                    lines from _x_g _y_g to the endpoints.
          pol { {_x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n} ... {_X_1 _Y_1 ... _X_m _Y_m} }
                    Draw polygons with vertices _x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n and _X_1
                    _Y_1 ... _X_m _Y_m. If only one polygon is specified,
                    the inner brackets are not needed.
          fi { {_x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n} ... {_X_1 _Y_1 ... _X_m _Y_m} }
                    Fill a polygon.  The arguments are the same as
                    those for pol except that the first vertex is
                    automatically repeated to close each polygon.  The
                    polygons do not have to be connected.  Enclosed
                    polygons appear as holes.
          sp { {_x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n} ... {_X_1 _Y_1 ... _X_m _Y_m} }



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     PLOT(5)                                                   PLOT(5)



                    Draw a parabolic spline guided by _x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n
                    with simple endpoints.
          fsp { {_x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n} ... {_X_1 _Y_1 ... _X_m _Y_m} }
                    Draw a parabolic spline guided by _x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n
                    with double first endpoint.
          lsp { {_x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n} ... {_X_1 _Y_1 ... _X_m _Y_m} }
                    Draw a parabolic spline guided by _x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n
                    with double last endpoint.
          dsp { {_x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n} ... {_X_1 _Y_1 ... _X_m _Y_m} }
                    Draw a parabolic spline guided by _x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n
                    with double endpoints.
          csp { {_x_1 _y_1 ... _x_n _y_n} ... {_X_1 _Y_1 ... _X_m _Y_m} }
          in _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
                    (include) Take commands from _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e.
          de _s_t_r_i_n_g { _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s }
                    Define _s_t_r_i_n_g as _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s.
          ca _s_t_r_i_n_g _s_c_a_l_e
                    Invoke commands defined as _s_t_r_i_n_g applying _s_c_a_l_e
                    to all coordinates.

        Commands Controlling the Environment
          co _s_t_r_i_n_g Draw lines with color _s_t_r_i_n_g. Available colors
                    depend on the device.  _S_t_r_i_n_g may contain defini-
                    tions for several devices separated by `/'.  Col-
                    ors possible for the various devices are:
                    pen  black, red, green, blue, Tblack, Tred,
                         Tgreen, Tblue (assumes default carousel,
                         T=thick)
                         1-8 (pen number)
                         S_n_u_m_b_e_r character size as % of plotting area
                    troff
                         F_f_o_n_t
                         P_p_o_i_n_t _s_i_z_e
                    2621 H_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r for plotting

          pe _s_t_r_i_n_g Use _s_t_r_i_n_g as the style for drawing lines.  Not
                    all pen styles are implemented for all devices.
                    _S_t_r_i_n_g may contain definitions for several devices
                    separated by `/'.  The available pen styles are:

                    pen  solid, dott[ed], short, long, dotd[ashed],
                         cdash, ddash
                    4014 solid , dott[ed], short, long, dotd[ashed],
                         ddash
                    troff
                         solid, dash only straight lines will be
                         dashed
                    5620 B_n_u_m_b_e_r line thickness
                    2621 H_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r for plotting

          cf _s_t_r_i_n_g Color for filling; may contain the definitions for
                    several devices.  separated by `/'.  The following



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     PLOT(5)                                                   PLOT(5)



                    colors are available on the specified devices:

                    pen  black, red, green, blue, Tblack, Tred,
                         Tgreen, Tblue
                         1-8 pen number
                    5620 B_t_e_x_t_u_r_e string with octal numbers for tex-
                         ture; see _t_y_p_e_s(9.5).  The 16 words of tex-
                         ture should be followed by one word for the
                         mode used by _t_e_x_t_u_r_e(); see _b_i_t_b_l_t(9.3).
                    2621 H_c_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r for filling
                    All  /A_d_e_g_r_e_e_s slant of shading lines
                         /G_n_u_m_b_e_r gap between shading lines (in user
                         units)

          ra _x_1 _y_1 _x_2 _y_2
                    The data will fall between _x_1 _y_1 and _x_2 _y_2. The
                    plot will be magnified or reduced to fit the
                    device as closely as possible.

                    Range settings that exactly fill the plotting area
                    with unity scaling appear below for devices sup-
                    ported by the filters of _p_l_o_t(1).  The upper limit
                    is just outside the plotting area.  In every case
                    the plotting area is taken to be square; points
                    outside may be displayable on devices with non-
                    square faces.

                    4014      `range 0. 0. 3120. 3120.'
                    troff     `range 0. 0. 6144. 6144.'
                    2621      `range 0. 0. 22. 22.'
                    5620      range dependent on layer size
                    pen       range dependent on paper size

          fr _p_x_1 _p_y_1 _p_x_2 _p_y_2
                    Plot the data in the fraction of the display spec-
                    ified by _p_x_1 _p_y_1 for lower left corner and _p_x_2 _p_y_2
                    for upper right corner.  Thus `frame .5 0 1. .5'
                    plots in the lower right quadrant of the display;
                    `frame 0. 1. 1. 0.'  uses the whole display but
                    inverts the _y coordinates.

          sa        Save the current environment, and move to a new
                    one.  The new environment inherits the old one.
                    There are 7 levels.

          re        Restore previous environment.

     SEE ALSO
          _p_l_o_t(1), _p_l_o_t(3), _g_r_a_p_h(1)






     Page 15                   Tenth Edition          (printed 2/9/93)






     ROUTE(1)                                                 ROUTE(1)



     NAME
          route - map orientations and great circle paths

     SYNOPSIS
          route [ -t ]

     DESCRIPTION
          _R_o_u_t_e without an option reads from the standard input a
          sequence of points, expressed as latitude-longitude pairs.
          For each pair of points, say A and B, _r_o_u_t_e prints on the
          standard output

          -    A _m_a_p(7) orientation, expressed as a -o option, that
               transforms the great circle from A to B into the equa-
               tor.  The transformed locations of A and B are located
               on the equator at equal distances west and east of the
               Prime Meridian.

          -    The transformed coordinates of the two points.

          -    The same information for a map orientation in which
               point A appears to the east and B to the west of the
               Prime Meridian.

          Under option -t _r_o_u_t_e produces coordinates along the great
          circle from A to B in the form of a track for use with _m_a_p
          option -t.

          Coordinates are expressed in degrees, with latitude positive
          north of the equator and longitude positive west of Green-
          wich.

     EXAMPLES
          echo 40.75 74 52 0 | route -t | map mercator -l 30 70 -10 80
               -t - | plot
               Produce a map of the North Atlantic with a great circle
               plotted from New York to London.

          route
          40.75 74 52 0
               Produces the output

                    -o 35.8283 -157.5308 -168.6148
                    A -0.0000 24.9943
                    B -0.0000 -24.9943
                    -o -35.8283 22.4692 168.6149
                    A -0.0000 -24.9943
                    B 0.0000 24.9943

               From this we derive the following command to draw a
               strip map 20 degrees wide along the great circle from
               New York to London.  The -w option windows the map in



     Page 16                   Tenth Edition          (printed 2/9/93)






     ROUTE(1)                                                 ROUTE(1)



               the new coordinate system, where the equator runs along
               the great circle and the two cities sit at 25W and 25E
               on that `equator'.  The -l option avoids surveying the
               whole rest of the world for plottable points.

               map mercator -o 35.83 -157.53 -168.61 -w -10 10 -30 30
               -l 30 75 -10 80

     SEE ALSO
          _m_a_p(7)













































     Page 17                   Tenth Edition          (printed 2/9/93)



